Situation of violations of the law on food safety on animal husbandry and aquaculture in Viet Nam

Tạp chí Khoa học Viện Đại học Mở Hà Nội 51 (01/2019) 1-12 1 SITUATION OF VIOLATIONS OF THE LAW ON FOOD SAFETY ON ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND AQUACULTURE IN VIETNAM Tran Huu Trang*1 Tran Thi Hanh*2 Date received the article: 6/7/2018 Date received the review results: 6/1/2019 Date published the article: 28/1/2019 Abstract: The situation of violating the laws on food safety of the fresh food products supply chain has been very complicated, especially the violation of laws in the use of banned substances and the abuse of antibiotics in livestock and aquaculture. This article analyzes and clarifies the situation of violating regulations on the use of prohibited substances and the abuse of antibiotics in livestock and aquaculture and its consequences for consumer health. These are warnings to help properly assess the situation of violations of the law on food safety as well as a basis for clarifying the causes of this situation, thereby giving effective solutions to soon solve this situation, ensure safety for consumers' health. Keywords: Situation, violations, food safety, animal husbandry, aquaculture, antibiotic residues, create lean substance 1. Current situation of using lean creating substance in livestock 1.1. Effect of lean creating substance on consumer health Salbutamol, Clenbuterol, Ractopamine are synthesized chemicals belonging to the group of agonists (to stimulate the receptor of the muscle to relax the bronchial smooth muscle), so these substances are used to make relaxants bronchial, asthma treatment. Currently, Clenbuterol, Ractopamin have been banned *Faculty of Law, Hanoi Open University, Khoa Du lịch – Viện Đại học Mở Hà Nội 1 Nguyễn Hữu Đức, Chất “tạo nạc” rất hại cho người!, Báo Người lao động, online, đăng ngày 13/8/2015. Nguồn: https://nld.com.vn/suc-khoe/chat-tao-nac-rat-hai-cho-nguoi- 20150813205419078.htm. 2 Bình Minh, Sự nguy hiểm của “chất tạo nạc” trong thịt lợn, Báo điện tử tri thức trẻ, đăng ngày 29/3/2016. Nguồn: 82016293165511197.htm. from use, only Salbutamol is still used and is still licensed by the Ministry of Health1.3 For this reason, many domestic enterprises have sought to import Salbutamol on the grounds of making medicine for treatment but actually sell them to veterinary drug manufacturers and animal feed like is a create lean substance for pigs. All three of these substances are chemicals that have a long residual capacity in animal bodies and even in high-temperature processed products such as frying and baking2.4 2 Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion Salbutamol, Clenbuterol, Ractopamine residual products all cause serious adverse effects to consumers, such as: heart palpitations, hypertension or hypotension, limb tremors, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, digestive disorders, respiratory infections ... Currently, all three lean creating substances are prohibited to be mixed into feed for livestock and poultry.35 According to Assoc. Dr. Nguyen Duy Thinh, Institute of Biotechnology - Food Technology, Hanoi University of Technology, although Salbutamol has been banned for many years by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO), farmers often mix this substance with pig feed for about 15 days before selling to increase leanness in pork. Therefore, the risk of salbutamol residues in pork is very high. When consumers eat pork with a residue of lean substance, after a period of accumulation in the body, the person may have feelings such as headache, shaking hands, nausea, tachycardia, hypertension or hypotension, digestive disorders4.6 1.2. Current situation of using lean creating substance in livestock According to the Ministry of Public Security, in 2015, over 20 companies participated in importing 9,140kg 3 Nguyễn Hữu Đức, Chất “tạo nạc” rất hại cho người!, Báo Người lao động, online, đăng ngày 13/8/2015. Nguồn: https://nld.com.vn/suc- khoe/chat-tao-nac-rat-hai-cho-nguoi- 20150813205419078.htm. 4 Thanh Lam, Lợn chết sau 15 ngày ăn chất tạo nạc gây ung thư, người ăn thịt lợn chết mòn?, đăng ngày 24/3/2016 trên báo Thanh tra online. Nguồn: hoi/doi-song/lon-chet-sau-15-ngay-an-chat- tao-nac-gay-ung-thu-nguoi-an-thit-lon-chet- mon_t57c1159n101549. Salbutamol to Vietnam. However, of the 6 tons sold to the market, only 10kg was used properly (accounting for 0.166% rate). The majority of imported drugs are sold to livestock to create lean for pigs5.7 Recently, the authorities also found that breeding farms also use another lean creating substance called Systeamine that is originating from Thailand and China. Similar to Salbutamol, this is a banned substance, which stimulates growth in pets. Systeamine is added to animal feed in many localities, such as Ho Chi Minh City, Thai Binh, Hai Duong, Hung Yen and Ha Nam. Check Innovation Technology Company Limited, located at 39 Tran Quoc Hoan, Ward 4, Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, the authorities detemined in this company's warehouse has 160 tons of food livestock testing contains Systeamine. According to testimony, before that, this enterprise has promptly brought to market over 100 tons of animal feed containing Systeamine lean substance 6.8 Statistics of the Center for Agricultural and Rural Policy and Strategy in the South show that products of livestock and poultry violate biological criteria and use banned substances to exceed safety thresholds up to 15.4%, with livestock 5 Lê Văn, Hiểm họa của chất tạo nạc thịt lợn và cách nhận biết, đăng ngày 24/3/2016 trên báo Vietnamnet online. Nguồn: https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/cong-nghe/chat-tao- nac-salbutamol-trong-thit-lon-nguy-hiem-the- nao-295861.html. 6 Trung tâm tin tức VTV24, Phát hiện nhiều DN sử dụng chất tạo nạc mới thay thế Salbutamol, phát ngày 14/10/2016. Nguồn: https://vtv.vn/chuyen-dong-24h/phat-hien- nhieu-dn-su-dung-chat-tao-nac-moi-thay-the- salbutamol-20161014202200197.htm. Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion 3 farms that use banned substances 4 times more7.9 Report of Ho Chi Minh City Sub- Department of Animal Health, in the first half of 2015, the Sub-Department took 227 urine samples in slaughter pigs of 51 plots, found 31 samples tested positive for Salbutamol with high concentration, from 80ppb-1.300ppb (accounting for 60.78%), while the recommended level of safety for human health is 2ppb. In 7 above lots, 4 lots originated from Dong Nai, 2 lots of Tien Giang and 1 lot of Long An. Dong Nai Sub- Department of Animal Health has also inspected 44 farms in nearly 2,000 farms in the area, found 14 pig farms with Salbutamol positive, accounting for 31.82% of all farms checked (mainly in Vinh Cuu and Trang Bom districts, Bien Hoa city)8.10 In Tien Giang, interdisciplinary inspectors in collaboration with provincial inspectors conducted testing 38 pig urine samples detected 25 samples positive for Salbutamol (65.79%). In Ben Tre, 16 urine samples of pigs and 4 food samples for pigs were detected containing Salbutamol. In Tay Ninh, two urine samples of Salbutamol positive were detected9.11 7 Trung Kiên, Giải pháp nào loại bỏ chất cấm trong chăn nuôi, đăng ngày 10/11/2016 trên báo Dân trí Online. Nguồn: https://dantri.com.vn/kinh-doanh/giai-phap- nao-loai-bo-chat-cam-trong-chan-nuoi- 20161110073449008.htm. 8 Chi Linh, Lại bùng phát nạn dùng chất tạo nạc trong chăn nuôi, đăng ngày 02/9/2015 trên báo Công an nhân dân online. Nguồn: nan-dung-chat-tao-nac-trong-chan-nuoi- 364059/. 9Thảo Nguyên, Báo động vấn nạn sử dụng chất cấm trong chăn nuôi, đăng ngày 01/9/2015 trên Báo Dân trí Online. Nguồn: In Vinh Long, Sub-Department of Animal Health also discovered 1 animal feed product containing Salbutamol with very high content, 3,160 ppb compared to the permitted concentration of 50 ppp. This product was ordered by Cuong Phat Company from Bac Au My Company in Long Thanh, Dong Nai10.12 Report of Dong Nai Customs Department on inspection and control of banned substances used in animal husbandry, food processing, fertilizer, plant protection drugs, veterinary medicine and fake animal feed indicated that in August 2016, Dong Nai functional forces detected 40 cases of using banned substances in animal husbandry, of which two cases were warned and 38 cases were fined with more than 2,3 billions VND11.13 In Thanh Hoa, in March 2016, the interdisciplinary inspection team including: Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Department of Industry and Trade, Thanh Hoa Provincial Police conducted the inspection of 70 farms and pig households and cattle households in 12/27 key districts of livestock, including: Nong Cong, Hau Loc, Nga Son, Hoang Hoa, Trieu Son, Thieu Hoa, Dong Son, Yen https://dantri.com.vn/kinh-doanh/bao-dong- van-nan-su-dung-chat-cam-trong-chan-nuoi- 20150901090325249.htm. 10 Trung Kiên, Giải pháp nào loại bỏ chất cấm trong chăn nuôi, đăng ngày 10/11/2016 trên báo Dân trí Online. Nguồn: https://dantri.com.vn/kinh-doanh/giai-phap- nao-loai-bo-chat-cam-trong-chan-nuoi- 20161110073449008.htm. 11 Nguyễn Tuyền, Một tháng bắt gần 40 vụ sử dụng chất cấm trong chăn nuôi, đăng ngày 25/9/2016 trên báo Dân trí online. Nguồn: https://dantri.com.vn/kinh-doanh/mot-thang- bat-gan-40-vu-su-dung-chat-cam-trong-chan- nuoi-20160925122504061.htm. 4 Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion Dinh, Vinh Loc, Tho Xuan, Thach Thanh, Ha Trung. The inspection team took 160 urine samples tested by rapid test method. In which, there are 5 samples of cattle urine in 3 households that tested positive for Salbutamol, accounting for 3.1% of the sample and 4.3% of the households and farms being tested. Positive samples have Salbutamol concentrations exceeding the maximum allowable12.14 In the whole country, after more than a month of inspection in 2015, 40 animal feed companies, with more than 100 product codes showing signs of violation, thereby handling 18 companies, administrative sanctions with the amount of over 2.6 billions VND. Especially, the 5 traders in the pig import to slaughter houses in Di An and Binh Duong towns have salbutamol substance exceeding the permitted level by 171 times. During the inspection at 13 animal feed production and trading companies in Hai Duong, Hung Yen, Bac Giang, Bac Ninh and Hanoi provinces, functional forces detected a number of companies using salbutamol and industrial colorings (auramine)13.15 Food safety inspection in the first 9 months of 2015, authorities detected 16% of meat samples with Salbutamol; 7.6% of 12 Duy Tuyên, Nhiều trang trại, hộ chăn nuôi sử dụng chất cấm Salbutamol, đăng trên báo Dân trí online. Nguồn: https://dantri.com.vn/suc-khoe/nhieu-trang- trai-ho-chan-nuoi-su-dung-chat-cam- salbutamol-20160402180625248.htm. 13 Khánh Vũ, Tình trạng sử dụng chất cấm trong chăn nuôi: Phải chặn bằng được từ gốc, đăng ngày 25/12/2015 trên báo Lao Động online. Nguồn: https://laodong.vn/xa-hoi/tinh- trang-su-dung-chat-cam-trong-chan-nuoi-phai- chan-bang-duoc-tu-goc-409747.bld. meat samples have residues of excess antibiotics; 10.3% of vegetable samples have residues of pesticides exceeding the permitted limit14.16General report of the Department of Livestock Production, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on November 10, 2015, shows: In the first 10 months of 2015, when inspecting in 22 provinces and cities, Salbutamol was discovered in one samples of animal feed and 135 urine samples, concentrations of salbutamol in urine samples are very high (samples with the highest concentration of Salbutamol are 665ppb). These violations are concentrated in Dong Nai, An Giang, Tien Giang and Tay Ninh provinces. The report from the Department of Animal Husbandry affirmed: “From 2014 up to now, the issue of using banned substances in livestock has shown signs of returning and increasing at an alarming level, especially using Salbutamol in raising pigs15.17 The above situation shows that the use of banned substances in livestock has become quite popular. This situation occurs in most localities and has caused very bad impacts on consumers' health. 1.3. Violations of the use of lean substances in livestock 14 Hương Thu, Đại biểu Quốc hội: “Đấu tranh với chất cấm trong chăn nuôi như tội phạm ma túy”, đăng ngày 02/11/2015 trên báo VNexpress. Nguồn: https://vnexpress.net/thoi- su/dai-bieu-quoc-hoi-dau-tranh-voi-chat-cam- trong-chan-nuoi-nhu-toi-pham-ma-tuy- 3305585.html. 15 Minh Phúc, Báo động về việc sử dụng chất cấm trong chăn nuôi, đăng ngày 17/11/2015 trên Báo Nhân Dân Online. Nguồn: bao-dong-ve-viec-su-dung-chat-cam-trong- chan-nuoi.html. Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion 5 - Blame other businesses: Typically the case of violations of Dai Hong Phat Service Trading Production Limited Company with a batch of animal feed code number 6066 containing Salbutamol with content 2006, 7µg / kg. Director of Nguyen Minh Duc Company said: "The company has just produced animal feed, the scale is small, there is no production factory and is signing a production contract with the DTH Limited Company located at Van Tuong industrial zone, in Tien Du district, Bac Ninh province. In addition to manufacturing for us, DTH Company also outsourced many other companies, so it is possible to cross-contamination of banned substances16.18 - Taking advantage of the difficult situation of traffic terrain in some localities, the situation of not having a complete livestock management system (integrating livestock management with cultivation, veterinary and agricultural extension) or taking advantage the situation of lack of inspection and supervision officers in some localities, to arbitrarily use banned substances in animal husbandry, causing many bad consequences, many pressing in public opinion. Although Decision No. 54/2002/QD-BNNPTNT, dated June 20, 2002 of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development has identified: "Agricultural Extension Department, Departments of Agriculture and Rural Development in provinces an cities according to functions and responsibilities is responsible for guiding, supervising and inspecting animal feed production, trading 16 Minh Phúc, nguồn đã dẫn. 17 Minh Phúc, nguồn đã dẫn. 18 Minh Phúc, nguồn đã dẫn companies and individuals, however, in fact, many authorities and localities not being able to promote the sense of responsibility in inspection and supervision. In addition, some small companies and farms for profit motives and are unaware of the harmful effects of using banned substances will have a direct impact on public health. This is the main reason making the use of banned substances more complicated, increasing and difficult to control17. Many animal feed production companies use it to regularly change production locations, making it difficult to inspect and supervise production and business activities of animal feed. Some businesses are willing to close this production site and open another facility. Because the registration of establishment of a business is quite easy. When the company is detected and dealt with the use of banned substances in the animal feed production, many companies are ready to close the old brand to establish a new company with brand new and continuing violations18.19 One trick used by many companies is to raise the price of buying pigs using create lean substance. Typically in Hoai Duc, Ba Vi, Hanoi, the purchase price of using create lean substance is 49-50 thousand VND/ kg while the price of buying pigs without create lean substance is only 47-48 thousand VND/ kg. This procedure has made many farmers for profit still deliberately use banned substances in livestock, even when signing a commitment not to use banned substances19.20 19 Diệu Thùy, Thủ đoạn mới đưa chất cấm có chất Sabutamol vào nuôi lợn, đăng ngày 08/12/2015 trên Báo Đầu tư Chứng khoán 6 Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion Along with the above mentioned tricks, recently, feed production companies have not directly put the banned substances into animal feed, but through intermediaries way to encourage farmers to mix themselves into animal feed. Some animal feed businesses have implemented the promotion of banned substances in the form of "probiotics", "anthelmintic", "vitamins" and "minerals" to deliver with animal feed for farm owners. Typically a feed agent has given to Mr. Nguyen Van Quy's farm in Thanh Tan, Sai Son, Quoc Oai, Hanoi 20 bags of feed include of a pack of white powder "probiotics". To test this product, the authority detected Salbutamol at 4,845ppb, nearly 100 times higher than the permitted level20.21 2. Current situation of antibiotic use in livestock and aquaculture 2.1. The impact of improper use of antibiotics in livestock Abuse of antibiotics by farmers has become a problem in Vietnam. Antibiotic residues in food not only affect animals but also harm human health when consuming food. The harmful effects of consumption of antibiotic residues are antibiotic resistance and adverse health effects on consumers. * Antibiotic resistance in consumers Online. Nguồn: https://tinnhanhchungkhoan.vn/phap-luat/thu- doan-moi-dua-chat-cam-co-chat-sabutamol- vao-nuoi-lon-137297.html. 20 Nhật Linh, Nhiều thủ đoạn mới đưa chất cấm vào thức ăn chăn nuôi, đăng ngày 09/12/2015, trên báo Tiêu Dùng Online. Nguồn: giai-cuu-them-mot-toa-nha-dang-dap-chieu- 8804.html. 21 Tổ chức Nông nghiệp và Lương thực của Liên Hợp Quốc (FAO), Cùng nhau và quyết According to agricultural statistics, up to 75% of antibiotics in livestock are imported from China, but not strictly controlled in consumption. Therefore, there are many types of antibiotics that are banned or restricted from use and still imported and traded freely. Antibiotic resistance is becoming a top concern of the World Health Organization (WHO), in which Vietnam is classified as "one of the countries with the highest antibiotic resistance in the world". Antibiotic resistance is threatening the health and livelihood of Vietnamese people, threatening the sustainability of agricultural and food production systems as well as the environment21.22The widespread use of antibiotics in livestock and aquaculture in Vietnam increases the presence of drug- resistant bacteria in livestock, poultry, aquatic products and animal products22.23 Surveys from the Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development for 208 poultry farms in Tien Giang show that the rate and concentration of antibiotics used is very high. The amount of antibiotic in poultry in this locality is 6 times higher than the level recorded in some European countries. In particular, 84% of antibiotics are used for prevention purposes. The use of animal feed tâm để kiểm soát nguy cơ kháng thuốc, đăng ngày 02/8/2017 trên cổng thông tin điện tử của Food and Agriculture Organizationn of the United Nations. Nguồn: 027681/. 22 Vân Nhi, Dùng kháng sinh trong chăn nuôi: Hại nhiều mặt, đăng ngày 25/8/2017 trên báo Kinh tế Nông thôn online. Nguồn: trong-chan-nuoi-hai-nhieu-mat-post1817.html. Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion 7 with a mixture of antibiotics also accounts for a high proportion. In each cycle, 72% of farms use at least one antibiotic to prevent and treat disease or stimulate growth. In the pig industry, antibiotics are also abused when there are 286,6mg of antibiotic active ingredients/ kg of live pigs. Recent studies on drug-resistant bacteria in animals and animal products have also been carried out on 202 Campylobacter spp., they were isolated from 343 pig and poultry farms in the Mekong Delta. The resistance rates were reported as follows: 100% resistance to Erythromycin; 99% resistance to Sulfamethoxazole - Trimethoprim; 92% are resistant to Nalidixic acid and Ofloxacin and 20.8% are resistant to Ciprofloxacin. In addition, among 895 strains of Escherichiacoli isolated from 208 small- scale poultry farms in the Mekong Delta, the rate of Gentamicin resistance was 20% and Ciprofloxacin resistance was 32.5%. Also according to the survey results, the situation of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella spp. was isolated from 318 samples of pork and chicken from Northern retail markets showing that this bacterium is resistant to Tetracyline is 58.5%; Sulphonamides 58.1%; Streptomycin 47.3%; Ampicillin is 39.8%, Chloramphenicol 37.3%; Trimethoprim 34.0% and Nalidixic acid 27.8%. The results of antibiotic resistance research in aquatic products also showed that 18% of Escherichiacoli strains isolated from 60 23 Vân Nhi, Dùng kháng sinh trong chăn nuôi: Hại nhiều mặt, đăng ngày 25/8/2017 trên báo Kinh tế Nông thôn online. Nguồn: trong-chan-nuoi-hai-nhieu-mat-post1817.html. 24 Kim Dung, Lạm dụng kháng sinh trong chăn nuôi: Lợi bất cập hại, đăng ngày 28/02/2017 shrimp samples from a market in Nha Trang city, Khanh Hoa province, had ESBL enzymes, 55% of this strain was resistant to many types of drug23.24 * Negative effects on consumer health The widespread use of antibiotics has caused great harm to public health. Assoc. Dr. Vu Dinh Ton, Dean of the Department of Animal Husbandry, Vietnam Academy of Agriculture, affirmed that antibiotic resistant bacteria not only directly affect pets but also penetrate the human body with many different ways such as exposure of livestock farmers to animals, contact during slaughter or dispersal of waste into the environment. In particular, many livestock households, farms, do not wait for pets to remove all antibiotics sold, creating a significant amount of antibiotic residues in animal products. People eat food every day also eat antibiotics, gradually leading to the state of antibiotic resistance without knowing it 24.25 Antibiotic residues in food, depending on the type, will cause immediate damage such as an allergic reaction to an antibiotic- sensitive person. It is possible to create resistant strains of bacteria, causing difficulties in treating infections. Some types of pharmaceuticals such as Dexamethazone have weight gain, physiological changes or other serious diseases in the liver, nerves, digestive system, heart.2526 trên báo Quân đội nhân dân Online. Nguồn: dung-khang-sinh-trong-chan-nuoi-loi-bat-cap- hai-500738. 25 Kim Dung, Lạm dụng kháng sinh trong chăn nuôi: Lợi bất cập hại, đăng ngày 28/02/2017 trên báo Quân đội nhân dân Online. Nguồn: 8 Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion 2.2. Violation of antibiotic use in livestock According to the Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the situation of breeding and aquaculture is showing the following common violations: * Abuse of antibiotic use in livestock and aquaculture In 2015, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development directed the Department of Animal Health to investigate the situation of using antibiotics in aquaculture in some key provinces on shrimp farming, including: Soc Trang and Bac Lieu (256 shrimp and catfish farming establishments, Ben Tre, Dong Thap and An Giang (216 catfish farms), the results are as follows: 472/708 shrimp and catfish farms use antibiotics (accounting for 66, 7%); in which about 50% of establishments use antibiotic materials. Investigation of the situation of antibiotic use in pig production in 5 provinces: Dong Nai, Ba Ria Vung Tau, Binh Duong, Thai Binh and Nam Dinh shows that 100% of breeding establishments use antibiotics for prevention and treatment for pigs, 68% of establishments use animal feed containing antibiotics to prevent disease and stimulate growth, 24.04% of establishments mixed antibiotics into animal feed for prevention and stimulating growth.Surveys on 139 fish hatcheries in 3 provinces of Ben Tre, Dong dung-khang-sinh-trong-chan-nuoi-loi-bat-cap- hai-500738. 26 Nguyễn Dương, Thực trạng sử dụng kháng sinh trong chăn nuôi và nuôi trồng thủy sản, đăng ngày 27/12/2016 trên báo Dân trí online. Nguồn: https://dulich.dantri.com.vn/doi- song/thuc-trang-su-dung-khang-sinh-trong- Thap and An Giang show that: 75.94% of farms use antibiotics, including using antibiotic raw materials (30.69% of total establishments using antibiotics); 40% of farms use antibiotics for prevention and treatment. Antibiotics currently used include antibiotics that are prohibited from using and limiting use in aquatic products, such as Enrofloxacin, Amoxiline, Florfenicol, Doxycycline, Tetracylin. In addition, out of 146 farms that use antibiotics in commercial shrimp farming, about 3% of farms have used antibiotics on the list of restricted use and even prohibited use such as Enrofloxacin, Chloramphenicol; 19.86% of households used antibiotics such as Chloramphenicol 250mg, Doxycycline 100mg, Tetracylin 500mg to treat shrimp diseases. Antibiotics used by many livestock farms are: Amoxicillin, Tylosin, Tetracyclin, Lincomycin, Gentamycin, Tylosine, Enrofloxacin, Neomycin26.27 From 2014 to 2016, nearly 32,000 tons of exported seafood products were returned. Particularly in the first nine months of 2016, there were 582 shipments returned by 38 countries, each company had 5 returned shipments on average. Particularly there is a company with up to 54 returned shipments, another company with up to 70 returned shipments27.28The batches of Vietnamese seafood exports are returned for reasons of not ensuring food chan-nuoi-va-nuoi-trong-thuy-san- 20170105125342416.htm. 27 Ngọc Anh, Thủy sản nhiếm hóa chất trả về sẽ tiêu thụ ở đâu?, đăng ngày 10/6/2016 trên báo Đời sống và Pháp luật online. Nguồn: doanh/thi-truong/thuy-san-nhiem-hoa-chat-bi- tra-ve-se-tieu-thu-o-dau-a148826.html. Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion 9 safety due to banned antibiotic residues or due to antibiotic residues exceeding the maximum allowable limits, specifically the number of violating lots are: Japan (24 lots), EU (11 lots), Australia (3 lots) and Korea (2 lots). The total number of warned shipments in 2016 is 40 lots, accounting for 0.03%. This data has tended to decrease compared to 70 plots in 2015, accounting for 0.07%. However, it still accounts for a very high proportion reflecting the serious level of violations in aquaculture. In Ho Chi Minh City, from 2013 to November 2015, Sub-Department of Animal Health collected samples of antibiotic residues in meat products. By examining 553 samples, on average, 27.1% of the surveyed samples were found with antibiotic residues. In particular, sulfadimidine residues were 14.8%; Tetracycline residue is 12%. The status of antibiotic residues in meat products in 2015 increased sharply compared to 2014. While in 2014 only 17.6% of meat samples were detected with antibiotic residues, in 2015, the sample rate was detected increased to 39.6%. At Binh Dien wholesale market, which has the largest quantity of seafood and agricultural products to provide for Ho Chi Minh City, authorities determined 31 samples with residues of banned chemicals and antibiotics (in which 7 samples of microbiological contamination, 4 samples of Triclofon infection, 20 samples of antibiotic contaminated samples) in 1,025 samples were examined and analyzed for residues of banned antibiotics and chemicals Particularly for livestock 28 Vân Sơn, TPHCM: Báo động tình trạng dư kháng sinh trong sản phẩm động vật, đăng ngày 31/5/2016 trên báo Dân trí online. products, from 2011 to 2015, functional departments discovered up to 61 lots of weight gain residues in 484 pork cattle shipments and 1,784 urine samples at slaughter facility; 57 plots were found positive for the substance producing lean beta-agonist group. Surveying livestock facilities in 2015, the proportion of livestock households in Ho Chi Minh City still using the forbidden substance group still accounts for 5.77% in Cu Chi, Hoc Mon, District 12, and 9 districts28.29 In Nghe An province, the results of the analysis of antibiotic and hormonal residues showed that: + The level of antibiotic residues in pigs: There are 10/40 samples with antibiotic residues (accounting for 25%). In 10 samples of antibiotic residues, there are 4 samples of Chlotetracycline residues (accounting for 40%), 3 samples of Tetracycline residues (accounting for 30%), 3 samples of chloramphenicol residues (accounting for 30%). Chlotetracycline residues in meat and kidney samples are 20%, in liver samples is 10%. Tetracyline, chloramphenicol residues in all 3 types of meat, liver, and pig kidneys account for 10% of each type. + The level of antibiotic residues in food: There are 4/40 samples of antibiotic residues (accounting for 10%), of which 3 samples are positive for Chloramphenicol (banned antibiotics), 1 sample contains Chlotetracyline with an excess of 2.3 times the allowable level. Samples with antibiotic residues were collected from farm households, in which 3 samples were taken Nguồn: https://dantri.com.vn/suc-khoe/tphcm- bao-dong-tinh-trang-du-khang-sinh-trong-san- pham-dong-vat-20160531062734466.htm. 10 Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion in a feeding trough, 1 sample was taken in a food container. Four these household had used as a concentrate feed mixed with corn bran and rice bran. + The level of antibiotic residues in meat products: Out of 40 samples analyzed, there are 10 samples with antibiotic residues (accounting for 25%)29.30 The results of the study showed that the use of create lean substance, the abuse of antibiotics in animal husbandry and aquaculture is quite common. This has caused serious economic and social consequences. Residues of the prohibited materials and antibiotics make food very poor quality, affecting exports, losing credibility in production and business, especially with foreign partners. Prohibited substances and antibiotic residues in food directly affect consumers' health, causing many diseases. It is time to have more drastic measures to effectively prevent this situation, ensure a clean agriculture, contribute to ensuring consumers' rights, improving the quality of life. References: 1. 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Author Address: Faculty of Law, Hanoi Open University Email: huutrangstran@hou.edu.vn