Tâm lý học - Chapter 11: Physical and cognitive development in adolescence

Life-Span DevelopmentThirteenth EditionChapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence ©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1G. Stanley Hall (1904): adolescence is a time of “storm and stress”Recent research has found that adolescents have a healthy self-imageMost adolescents successfully negotiate the path from childhood to adulthood©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Nature of Adolescence2Puberty: a period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescenceSexual Maturation, Height, and WeightMenarche is a girl’s first menstruationMarked weight and height gainsPubic hair growthFacial and chest hair growth in malesBreast growth in females©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Changes3©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Changes4PubertyHormonal ChangesHormones: chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands and carried throughout the body by the bloodstreamIncreases in testosterone and estradiol©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Changes5PubertyTiming and Variations in PubertyAverage age of menarche has declined significantly since mid-19th centuryImproved nutrition and healthFor boys, pubertal sequence typically begins from age 10–13 ½ years. For girls it appears between 9 and 15 yearsPrecocious Puberty – the very early onset and rapid progression of puberty©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Changes6©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Changes7PubertyBody ImagePreoccupation with body image is especially strong throughout adolescenceGirls are generally less happy with their bodies than boys and become more dissatisfied over time©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Changes8PubertyEarly and Late MaturationBoysEarly-maturing boys view themselves more positively and have more successful peer relations; late maturing boys report a stronger sense of identity in their 30sGirlsEarly-maturing girls show greater satisfaction early but less satisfaction later and are more likely to smoke, drink, be depressed, have an eating disorder, struggle for earlier independence, have older friends, date earlier, and have earlier sexual experiences©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Changes9©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Changes10The BrainAdolescents’ brains undergo significant structural changesCorpus callosum thickens; improves adolescents’ ability to process informationAmygdala develops earlier than the prefrontal cortex (involved in higher-level cognitive processes)Underdeveloped prefrontal cortex cannot control their passions©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Changes11©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Brain12Adolescent SexualityAtime of sexual exploration and experimentation, sexual fantasies and realities, and incorporating sexuality into one’s identityAdolescents who view more sexual content on television are more likely to initiate sexual intercourse earlier©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Changes13Adolescent SexualityDeveloping a Sexual Identity InvolvesLearning to manage sexual feelingsDeveloping new forms of intimacyLearning skills to regulate sexual behaviorSexual Identity IncludesActivitiesInterestsStyles of behaviorIndication of sexual orientationGay males and lesbians struggle with same-sex attractions©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Changes14Adolescent SexualityThe Timing of Adolescent Sexual BehaviorsSexual initiation varies by country, gender, and other socioeconomic characteristics63% of U.S. 12th graders had experienced intercourse compared with 34% of 9th graders©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Changes15©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical ChangesAdolescent Sexuality16Adolescent SexualityRisk Factors in Adolescent Sexual BehaviorLow parental monitoring is linked with early initiation of sexual activity, more sexual partners, and less condom useDrug use, delinquency, and school-related problemsSocioeconomic StatusFamily/ParentingPeersAcademic Achievement©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Changes17Adolescent SexualityContraceptive UseAdolescents are increasing their use of contraceptivesU.S. has much lower condom use and pill use than European countriesSexually transmitted infections (STIs)Every year 3 million American adolescents acquire and STI©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Changes18©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical ChangesAdolescent Sexuality19Adolescent SexualityAdolescent Pregnancy Creates health risks for baby and motherU.S. has 1 of the highest rates in the worldLow birth weight, neurological problems, childhood illnessMothers drop out of school and never catch up economically©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Physical Changes20Adolescent HealthPoor health habits and early death in adulthood begin during adolescenceNutrition and Exercise17% of 12–19-year-olds are overweightDecreased intake of fruits and vegetables and less exerciseSleep PatternsOnly 31% of U.S. adolescents sleep 8 or more hours a night©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Issues in Adolescent Health21Adolescent HealthLeading Causes of Death in Adolescence:AccidentsHomicideSuicide©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Issues in Adolescent Health22Substance Use and AbuseUnited States has one of the highest rates of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nationAdolescent alcohol and cigarette consumption has declined in recent yearsUse of painkillers (Vicodin, Oxycontin) is increasingThe Roles of Development, Parents, Peers and Education©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Issues in Adolescent Health23Eating DisordersAnorexia Nervosa: the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvationThree Main Characteristics:Weight less than 85% of what is considered normal for a person’s age and heightAn intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight lossHaving a distorted image of their body shape10 times more likely to occur in females than males©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Issues in Adolescent Health24Eating DisordersBulimia Nervosa: eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge patternMost bulimics:Are preoccupied with foodHave an intense fear of becoming overweightAre depressed or anxiousHave a distorted body imageTypically fall within a normal weight range©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Issues in Adolescent Health25Piaget’s TheoryFormal Operational Stage (age 11+ years):More abstract than concrete operational thoughtIncreased verbal problem-solving abilityIncreased tendency to think about thought itselfThoughts of idealism and possibilitiesMore logical thoughtHypothetical-deductive reasoning: involves creating a hypothesis and deducing its implications©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Adolescent Cognition26Adolescent Egocentrism:Heightened self-consciousness of adolescentsImaginary Audience: adolescents’ belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves arePersonal Fable: involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibilityInvincibility attitudes©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Adolescent Cognition27Information ProcessingExecutive functioningHigher-order cognitive activities such as reasoning, making decisions, monitoring thinking critically, and monitoring one’s cognitive processDecision MakingCritical Thinking©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Adolescent Cognition28The Transition to Middle or Junior High School:Drop in school satisfactionLess stressful when students have positive relationshipsTop-Dog phenomenon – move from being oldest, biggest, and most powerful in elementary school to youngest, smallest, and least powerful in middle school©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Schools29Effective Schools for Young Adolescents:Develop smaller communities that lessen impersonality of middle schoolsLower student-counselor ratios to 10-to-1Involve parents and community leadersBoost students’ health and fitness with more programsIntegrate several disciplines in a flexible curriculumProvide public health care ©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Schools30High SchoolMany students graduate with inadequate reading, writing, and mathematical skillsHigh schools should discourage dropping out©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Schools31Extracurricular ActivitiesA wide array of activities can be very beneficialService Learning: a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Schools32