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Main operating assets— Loans at Discount Window US Government Securities “CIPC”—Cash Items in Process of Collection Main operating liabilities— Federal Reserve Notes in Circulation Depository Institution Reserves “DACI”—Deferred Availability Cash Items
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Rights in underlying securities or commodities—writer grants owner some exclusive right for some certain time Main types of options: Puts (options to sell) Calls (options to buy) Options on listed securities and widely held commodities trade actively on organized exchanges
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The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (Cont.) – Despite the scrutiny of the SEC, investors, and traders—manipulation, fraud, misinformation, and deception still exist in the market – Caveat emptor et venditor—buyers/sellers beware—necessary precautions to ensure market efficiency
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As long as assets do not have precisely the same pattern of returns, then holding a group of assets can reduce risk • If the returns of each security are totally independent of each other, combining a large number of securities tends to produce the average return of the portfolio
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Issued by state and local governments • Lowest yield because interest earnings are exempt from federal tax • By law Congress does have the power to tax, but has decided not to tax this source of revenue
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What Determines Option Premiums? (Cont.) – Premiums on put options will be higher the lower the price of the underlying asset, greater volatility of asset and longer time to expiration – Options are an expensive way to hedge portfolio risks if those risks are substantial
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How Global Investors Cause Exchange Rate Volatility (Cont.) – International capital mobility (Cont.) • It is possible that a change in the future exchange rate will offset any increased yield by holding foreign securities • In fact, the international mobility of capital will often cause the change in future exchange rates that was anticipate...
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The Institutionalization of Financial Markets (Cont.) • Legislation created a number of new alternatives to the traditional employer-sponsored defined benefits plan, primarily the defined contribution plan – IRAs – 403(b) and 401(k) plans – Growth of mutual funds resulting from the alternative pension plans—Mutual fund families
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American Banks Abroad – Rapid expansion of US banks into foreign countries • Growth of foreign trade • American multinationals with operations abroad – Edge Act (1919) • Permitted US banks to establish special subsidiaries to facilitate involvement in international financing • Exempt from the McFadden Act’s prohibition against interstate ba...
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Brokers and Dealers – Involved in the secondary market, trading “used” or already outstanding securities – Brokers match buyers and sellers and earn a commission – Dealers commit their own capital in the buying and selling of securities and hope to make profit on the transaction
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