Thư viện tài liệu, ebook tham khảo dành cho học sinh, sinh viên

Kinh tế học - Phần 1: Chuỗi thời gian cơ bản Mô hình koyce dạng rút gon Ước lưựng mô hình Koyck dạng rút gọ từ mẫu thu được hệ số ước lượng Tác động ngắn hạn Tác động dài hạn

60 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 21/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 778 | Lượt tải: 0

State Children’s Health Insurance Program Part of 1997 BBA Gave federal funding to states to reduce # of uninsured children States have considerable latitude in programs Expand Medicaid Develop separate children’s health insurance program Both SCHIP enrollment >7m in 2007. Income eligibility levels vary from 300% of federal poverty level in...

36 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 21/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 673 | Lượt tải: 0

No hospital inpatient coverage after 90 days Except for 60-day lifetime reserve Medicare offers no coverage in “catastrophic circumstances.”

34 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 21/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 653 | Lượt tải: 0

>1 individual simultaneously receives benefits from the good. i.e., no rivalry in consumption. Costly to exclude nonpayers from consumption of the good. Private firms unwilling to produce and sell public goods. Are most medical services public goods?

44 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 21/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 679 | Lượt tải: 0

Promotion Magnitude: Research-based firms spend as much as 20-30% of sales on promotion. 70% pharmaceutical salespersons (detailing). 27% advertising. 3% direct mail. Impact: 22,000 drugs on market  timely, valuable information. May impede competition.

35 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 21/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 680 | Lượt tải: 0

Even if consumers exert little influence over drug choice, 3rd parties are making the market more competitive Formularies - list of selected drugs physicians may prescribe Used by hospitals to limit inventories and costs Used by most HMOs and many PPOs Used by many state Medicaid programs

36 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 21/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 695 | Lượt tải: 0

Maybe further HMO penetration required. Government still a dominant payer, and reimburses generously. Maybe managed care doesn’t work. Outcomes for patients covered by HMOs similar & sometimes better than those for fee-for-service patients.

31 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 21/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 674 | Lượt tải: 0

MCOs hope to modify physician behavior in order to control costs. 88% of all practicing docs in 2001 had at least one managed care contract. In 2001, 49¢ of every $1 of physician revenue came from an MCO.

42 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 21/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 859 | Lượt tải: 0

What is the profit-maximizing price and quantity for a monopolist? Recall that all firms will maximize profits where MR=MC We have already seen that the marginal cost curve for a firm depends on its production function and input prices What does the firm’s MR curve look like?

45 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 21/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 670 | Lượt tải: 0

An individual’s subjective probability of illness (P1) will depend on her health stock, age, lifestyle, etc. Then without insurance, the individual’s expected utility for next year is: E(U) = P0U($40,000) + P1U($20,000) = P0•90 + P1•70

41 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 21/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 847 | Lượt tải: 0