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JIT inventory methods attempt to obtain materials just in time for production or sale Reduces/eliminates inventory and carrying costs Leads to immediate correction of defective units Helps expose production problems Relies on high-quality materials, production Charges all costs directly to cost of goods sold

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Sarbanes-Oxley Act Passed in the aftermath of the Enron scandal Includes Making CEOs and CFOs sign and accept responsibility for financial statements Making CEOs and CFOs responsible for the company’s system of internal controls Creating the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board to oversee public auditors

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Asset turnover Shows how efficiently assets are used to generate sales Accounts receivable turnover The more times accounts receivable turn over, the sooner they are collected Days’ sales in receivables A measure of how long it will take to collect receivables

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Long term liabilities and stockholders’ equity Cash paid to reduce debt (or cash proceeds from borrowing) is the difference between the beginning and ending balance of long term debt Use beginning and ending retained earnings plus net income to solve for cash payments for dividends

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An obvious solution is to evaluate managers in terms of ROI Managers won’t be motivated to take on projects with a low return just to increase profits ROI can lead managers to underinvest, that is they may pass up projects that earn a return that is greater than the cost of capital

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A favorable labor efficiency variance means: Labor rates were higher than called for by standards Inexperienced labor was used, causing the rate to be lower than standard More labor was used than called for by standards Less labor was used than called for by standards Answer: d Less labor was used than called for by standards

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Budget committee may review a budget and decide it is inconsistent with company goals This conclusion may lead managers to explore a variety of actions that affect future costs and revenues If managers decide to make changes, they must also revise the budget

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Steps in the NPV method 1. Identify the amount and time period of each cash flow associated with a potential investment 2. Discount the cash flows to their present values using a required rate of return 3. Evaluate the net present value, which is the sum of the present value of all cash inflows and outflows

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Some examples of performance measures that will drive managers to improve customer profitability Percent of customers who are not profitable Dollar loss for customers who are not profitable Average profit per customer Number of customer service requests per 100 customers Percent of customers who return items Dollar value of returned items

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Joint costs not relevant to decisions made after the split-off point because they are not incremental Joint costs incurred prior to the split-off point are sunk costs and have no effect on what happens after the split-off point

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