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They emerged in the 1960’s with Lisp Functional programming mirrors mathematical functions: domain = input, range = output Variables are mathematical symbols: not associated with memory locations. Pure functional programming is state-free: no assignment Referential transparency: a function’s result depends only upon the values of its parameters...

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Risk management is concerned with assessing the possible losses that might ensue from attacks on the system and balancing these losses against the costs of security procedures that may reduce these losses. Risk management should be driven by an organisational security policy. Risk management involves Preliminary risk assessment Life cycle risk ...

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Conversion is the technical process by which a new system replaces an old system Three major steps to a conversion plan Acquire and install needed hardware Install software Convert data Three dimensions to a conversion plan Conversion style Conversion location Conversion modules

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Benchmarks uses the java.util.Random class — a more controlled way to generate random numbers. Constructors: If we set the same seed, we get the same “random” sequence.

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Imperative programming paradigm Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs [Wirth] Produce a program by functional decomposition Start with function to be computed Systematically decompose function into more primitive functions Stop when all functions map to program statements

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Assess whether a set of classes that must work together do so without error Four common approaches User interface testing Use case testing Interaction testing System interface testing Most projects use all four approaches

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Dependable systems architectures are used in situations where fault tolerance is essential. These architectures are generally all based on redundancy and diversity. Examples of situations where dependable architectures are used: Flight control systems, where system failure could threaten the safety of passengers Reactor systems where failure of ...

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If loc is null, this critter is removed from the grid; otherwise this critter moves to loc. This critter’s state can change. A new actor can be added in this critter’s old location. The state of all other actors in the grid remains unchanged.

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Procedural abstraction allows the programmer to be concerned mainly with a function interface, ignoring the details of how it is computed. The process of stepwise refinement utilizes procedural abstraction to develop an algorithm starting with a general form and ending with an implementation. Ex: sort(list, len)

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Software components Data storage Data access logic Application logic Presentation logic Hardware components Computers (clients, servers) Networks

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