Tài liệu Khoa Học Tự Nhiên

The breakdown of organic molecules is exergonic Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2 Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2

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Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds Cellular respiration, the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen, is an example of a pathway of catabolism

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The steroid cholesterol has different effects on membrane fluidity at different temperatures At warm temperatures (such as 37°C), cholesterol restrains movement of phospholipids At cool temperatures, it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing

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Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope Membrane-bound organelles Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells

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Carbohydrates include sugars and the polymers of sugars The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides, or single sugars Carbohydrate macromolecules are polysaccharides, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

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The electron configuration of carbon gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements The valences of carbon and its most frequent partners (hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) are the “building code” that governs the architecture of living molecules

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Kinetic energy is the energy of motion Heat is a measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion Temperature measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules

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Atoms are composed of subatomic particles Relevant subatomic particles include Neutrons (no electrical charge) Protons (positive charge) Electrons (negative charge)

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II. Vai trò và ý nghĩa của virus trong sản xuất nông nghiệp Virus sản xuất thuốc trừ sâu Baculovirus NPV ( SNPV & MNPV ) GV CPV

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Microbes that penetrate the first line of defense face the second line of defense, which depends mainly on phagocytosis, the ingestion of invading organisms by certain types of white cells. Phagocyte function is intimately associated with an effective inflammatory response and also with certain antimicrobial proteins.

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