Tài liệu Khoa Học Tự Nhiên

Herbivores that eat primary producers are called primary consumers. Carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers. Carnivores that eat secondary consumers are called tertiary consumers. Another important group of heterotrophs is the detritivores, or decomposers. They get energy from detritus, nonliving organic material, and play...

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Interspecific competition: resources are in short supply Species interaction is -/- Competitive exclusion principle: Two species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical. The one with the slight reproductive advantage will eliminate the other Resource partitioning: differences in niches that enable similar species to coexist

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Clumped – most common; near required resource Uniform – usually antagonistic interactions Random – unpredictable spacing, not common in nature

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cell body: contains nucleus & organelles dendrites: receive incoming messages axons: transmit messages away to other cells myelin sheath: fatty insulation covering axon, speeds up nerve impulses synapse: junction between 2 neurons neurotransmitter: chemical messengers sent across synapse Glia: cells that support neurons Eg. Schwann cells (fo...

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The components of a virus. The differences between lytic and lysogenic cycles. How viruses can introduce genetic variation into host organisms. Mechanisms that introduce genetic variation into viral populations.

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Restriction enzymes (restriction endonucleases): used to cut strands of DNA at specific locations (restriction sites) Restriction Fragments: have at least 1 sticky end (single-stranded end) DNA ligase: joins DNA fragments Cloning vector: carries the DNA sequence to be cloned (eg. bacterial plasmid)

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Make up 75% of repetitive DNA Stretches of DNA that can be moved from one location to another in genome Discovered by Barbara McClintock – corn breeding experiments 2 Types: Transposons Retrotransposons

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Linnaeus: founder of taxonomy; binomial nomenclature Domain – Kingdom – Phylum – Class – Order – Family - Genus – Species (Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti) Domains = Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Classification based on anatomy & morphology

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Evolution is change in species over time. There is overproduction of offspring, which leads to competition for resources. Heritable variations exist within a population. These variations can result in differential reproductive success. Over generations, this can result in changes in the genetic composition of the population. Remember: Individ...

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Point mutations: changes in one base (eg. sickle cell) Chromosomal mutations: delete, duplicate, disrupt, rearrange  usually harmful Sexual recombination: contributes to most of genetic variation in a population Crossing Over (Meiosis – Prophase I) Independent Assortment of Chromosomes (during meiosis) Random Fertilization (sperm + egg)

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