Tài liệu Sinh Học

In 1866, Mendel correctly argued that parents pass on to their offspring discrete “heritable factors” and stressed that the heritable factors (today called genes), retain their individuality generation after generation. A heritable feature that varies among individuals, such as flower color, is called a character. Each variant for a character,...

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Organisms reproduce their own kind, a key characteristic of life. Cell division is reproduction at the cellular level, requires the duplication of chromosomes, and sorts new sets of chromosomes into the resulting pair of daughter cells.

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Autotrophs make their own food through the process of photosynthesis, sustain themselves, and do not usually consume organic molecules derived from other organisms.

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In cellular respiration glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water and the cell captures some of the released energy to make ATP. Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.

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Bioluminescence is an example of the multitude of energy conversions that a cell can perform. Many of a cell’s reactions take place in organelles and use enzymes embedded in the membranes of these organelles. This chapter addresses how working cells use membranes, energy, and enzymes.

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Magnification is the increase in the apparent size of an object. Resolution is a measure of the clarity of an image. In other words, it is the ability of an instrument to show two close objects as separate.

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Methane and other compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. Carbon, with attached hydrogens, can bond together in chains of various lengths.

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About 25 elements are essential to life. Four elements make up about 96% of the weight of most living organisms. These are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Trace elements are essential but are only needed in minute quantities.

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Organism—an individual living thing, Organ system—several organs that cooperate in a specific function, Organ—a structure that is composed of tissues and that provides a specific function for the organism, Tissues—a group of similar cells that perform a specific function, Cells—the fundamental unit of life,

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In prokaryotes, translation of mRNA can begin before transcription has finished In a eukaryotic cell, the nuclear envelope separates transcription from translation Eukaryotic RNA transcripts are modified through RNA processing to yield the finished mRNA

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