Thư viện tài liệu, ebook tham khảo dành cho học sinh, sinh viên

The big change in magazines during this time was a move toward content specialization, giving rise to three new genres: the digest, as in Readers Digest the news weekly, as in Time the pictorial magazine, as in Life and Look

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The Federalists Debates: What is the rightful role and powers limits of the Federal Government? First Amendment: Bill of Rights ratified in1791; guarantees freedom of the press Newspaper numbers grow rapidly: expensive (six cents) and still targeted to affluent, merchant class

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Two approaches: Graphic symbols representing objects Chinese pictographs Egyptian hieroglyphics Abstract symbols (alphabet) for ideas/sounds Phoenician 24-character alphabet Roman-modified 26-character alphabet

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Decoding may require one or more stages Receiver may be an individual or group; may or may not be easy to identify Receivers can be selected for a message or they can self-select themselves Feedback can be immediate or delayed (but never as abundant as interpersonal)

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Heavy TV viewing cultivates perceptions of reality consistent with the view of the world presented on TV. Methodology Research findings Mainstreaming Resonance Criticisms of cultivation analysis Determining cause and effect Factors other than TV may affect people Wording of questions on surveys

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Media systems can be classified along dimensions of control and ownership. Public ownership, decentralized control Public ownership, centralized control Private ownership, decentralized control Private ownership, centralized control

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American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) Canons of Journalism Responsibility, freedom of the press, independence, accuracy, impartiality, fair play, decency Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ) Codes of conduct See the truth and report it Minimize harm Act independently Be accountable Other associations or organizations have adopt...

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Restrictive orders Trial participants restrained from giving information to media Restraining media coverage of court events Pre-trial proceedings, pre-trial evidence, jury selection, actual trial 1980s: Supreme Court reaffirmed press rights to open court access But access can be limited, under strict guidelines, depending on the situation

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Contemporary advertising Coping with technological and social change Consumer taking more control over media choices Traditional advertising model harder to justify Guerilla marketing: non-traditional marketing techniques Online advertising Not as effective as initially hoped Becoming more targeted, more interactive, more engaging As Intern...

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Internal (in-house) PR department An arm of management Advantages Can work on short notice; more in-depth knowledge of company; less costly External PR agencies Advantages Fresh ideas; objective viewpoints; more services; can bring prestige

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