Tổng hợp tài liệu Khối Ngành Kinh Tế tham khảo cho học sinh, sinh viên.
1. Create a model that estimates a future outcome (e.g., CF) which has a stochastic variable such as asset return Stochastic variables are those in which the future value is uncertain (non-deterministic) – i.e., more than one possible outcome 2. Specifying the distribution of the stochastic variables E.g., The Appreciation of the AUDUSD Distrib...
21 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 27/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 549 | Lượt tải: 0
CaR measures the risk that actual cashflows are different than what is expected (or planned) More technically, CaR is the level of cashflow loss that has a x% probability of being exceeded over the next n periods. Example: Manager may have a 1-year €80 receivable and asks how much can the cashflows be different from the expected value with 95% c...
28 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 27/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 618 | Lượt tải: 0
Suppose Dell has a €500,000 December receivable. If unhedged, what is the US$ receivable value if the spot price is $1.3115 or $1.1225? $1.3115: $1.3115* €500,000=$655,750 $1.1225: $1.1225* €500,000=$561,250 If the position is hedged using a short $1.2228 forward, the hedged value of the receivable is: $1.3115: Sell using forward price: $1.2...
35 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 27/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 579 | Lượt tải: 0
Suppose the Spot Euro is $1.50 and 1-Yr Forward is $1.60 Remember that an exchange rate is the price of one currency in terms of another ($1.50 is the price of a euro for immediate delivery, $1.60 is the price for 1-year delivery) The euro is selling at forward premium, since it is more expensive to buy in the forward market The premium is (1.6...
27 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 27/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 578 | Lượt tải: 0
Inputs (Expected Return) Define Distribution (Normal) Distribution Parameters (Mean and Std dev) Add Output (Portfolio Value) Simulation Settings 10,000 iterations, 1 simulation Run Simulation Evaluate Results Mean, Standard deviation VaR, Confidence Interval Click on output sell, browse results Right click on graph, Copy Distribution gr...
6 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 27/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 545 | Lượt tải: 0
Options can be: used to insure long positions (floors) used to insure short positions (caps) Covered positions (selling insurance)
30 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 27/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 547 | Lượt tải: 0
If portfolio returns are normally distributed with expected return, µ, and standard deviation, σ, then the X% Confidence Interval VaR for a portfolio value of V$ is: VC VaR Assuming stock returns are normally distributed with μ=7.96% and σ=10.3% Assume 252 trading days in a year VaR(90%,1-year)=-100,000(.0796-1.28*.103)=$5,224 VaR(95%,1-year)=-...
44 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 27/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 574 | Lượt tải: 0
Find Value Creating Financial Investments E.g., Equities, Bonds, Derivatives Ensure cash flow estimates and/or discount rate reflects investment risk Finance Investments Equity, Debt Manage leverage and interest rate risk Implement, Manage, Report on Investments Identify, measure, and mitigate exposure to market and credit risk to protect ea...
10 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 27/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 561 | Lượt tải: 0
Forward: Enter into long forward contract to buy 100,000 euros at the forward price No upfront costs IRP can be used to price forwards Option: Buy call option to purchase 100,000 euros at the strike price Must pay premium BS can be used to price option premium: Set-Foreign interest rate as dividend yield and enter spot and strike in direct ter...
30 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 27/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 640 | Lượt tải: 0
FCFF (Free Cash Flows to the Firm) Cash flows available to distribute to both debt and equity holders before interest and dividend payments, but after taxes Non-cash “accounting costs” are added back (Depr + Amort) capital expenditures (which are depreciated) are subtracted Appropriate to value total firm (LBO/PE/IB)-- must subtract the value ...
17 trang | Chia sẻ: huyhoang44 | Ngày: 27/03/2020 | Lượt xem: 699 | Lượt tải: 0
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