Tài liệu Sinh Học

Review: Selectively permeable membrane: osmosis, transport proteins, selective channels Proton pump: active transport; uses E to pump H+ out of cell  proton gradient Cotransport: couple H+ diffusion with sucrose transport Aquaporin: transport protein which controls H2O uptake/loss

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Rhizobium bacteria supply nitrogen at roots (fix atmospheric N2 to usable N) Plant supplies sugar & amino acids Mycorrhizae (plant + fungus)

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Egg cell  plant embryo Ovules inside ovary  seeds Ripe ovary  fruit Fruit protects enclosed seed(s) Aids in dispersal by water, wind, or animals

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Anatomy: the study of the biological form (STRUCTURE) of an organism Physiology: the study of the biological FUNCTIONS an organism performs Structure dictates function!

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Ingestion: eating Digestion: breakdown of food into small molecules Mechanical (chewing, grinding) Chemical (enzymes) Absorption: cells take up nutrients Elimination: pass undigested materials from digestive system

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The pacemaker is regulated by two portions of the nervous system: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions The sympathetic division speeds up the pacemaker The parasympathetic division slows down the pacemaker The pacemaker is also regulated by hormones (epinephrine) and temperature

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Nose/mouth: filtered, warmed, humidified Pharynx Larynx: contains vocal cords Trachea: windpipe; lined with cartilage Bronchi: branches to lungs Bronchioles Alveoli: air sacs for gas exchange Mucus: traps particles Cilia: sweeps particles up to pharynx

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Antigen receptors are generated by random rearrangement of DNA As lymphocytes mature in bone marrow or the thymus, they are tested for self-reactivity Some B and T cells with receptors specific for the body’s own molecules are destroyed by apoptosis, or programmed cell death The remainder are rendered nonfunctional

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Proximal tubule: secretion & reabsorption change volume and composition of filtrate Bicarbonate, NaCl, water is absorbed Descending loop of Henle: reabsorb water Ascending loop of Henle: reabsorb salt Distal tubule: K+ and NaCl levels regulated Collecting duct: filtrate becomes more concentrated; minimize water loss

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Endocrine System = Hormone-secreting cells + Tissues Endocrine glands: ductless, secrete hormones directly into body fluids Hormones: chemical signals that cause a response in target cells (receptor proteins for specific hormones) Affects 1 tissue, a few, or most tissues in body Or affect other endocrine glands (tropic hormones) Regulation by ...

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